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CAC Registration Explained: What Documents Do You Need to Register a Business in Nigeria?
Starting a business in Nigeria without registering it is like building a house on land you don't own. You might get away with it for a while, but the moment anything goes wrong, a client dispute, a bank loan application, a government contract opportunity, you'll wish you had done it properly from the beginning. The Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) is the body responsible for registering businesses in Nigeria. This guide explains the different business structures you can register, what documents you need, and how the process works.
Business Structures You Can Register
1. Business Name (Sole Proprietorship or Partnership) The simplest form of business registration. Suitable for freelancers, small shop owners, and traders. You register under a business name, but you and the business are legally the same entity (i.e., you're personally liable for the business's debts).
2. Private Limited Company (Ltd) The most popular option for startups and growing businesses. A separate legal entity from its owners. Shareholders are only liable up to the amount they invested. Requires a minimum of two directors and two shareholders.
3. Public Limited Company (PLC) For larger companies intending to raise funds from the public or list on a stock exchange. More complex regulatory requirements.
4. Incorporated Trustee (NGO/Church/Association) For non-profit organizations, religious bodies, and professional associations.
Documents Required
For Business Name Registration:
• Completed CAC application form (done online via the CAC portal)
• Proposed business name (and alternatives in case of rejection)
• Nature of business (what you do)
• Business address
• Proprietor's NIN
• Proprietor's passport photograph
• Payment of registration fee (currently ₦10,000 for business names as of 2026)
For Private Limited Company:
• Proposed company name (minimum of three alternatives)
• Names and details of at least two directors and two shareholders
• NIN for all directors and shareholders
• Memorandum and Articles of Association (MEMART), a legal document defining your company's constitution (the CAC portal now has standard templates)
• Registered address of the company
• Share capital information (minimum is ₦10,000, though ₦100,000 or more is more practical)
• Payment of registration fee (varies based on share capital)
The Registration Process (Step by Step)
Step 1: Name Availability Search
Before doing anything else, search the CAC portal to confirm your preferred business name is available. Go to portal.cac.gov.ng and use the name availability search tool.
Rejected name reasons include: - Name already taken - Name too similar to existing registered entities - Name contains restricted words (e.g., "Federal," "National," "Government")
Step 2: Create a CAC Account
Register on the CAC portal with your email address and phone number.
Step 3: Complete the Application Form
Fill in all required fields online. For a limited company, you'll also need to upload your MEMART and other supporting documents.
Step 4: Pay the Registration Fee
Payment is made online via Remita. Fees vary: - Business Name: ₦10,000 - Private Limited Company: Depends on share capital (typically ₦30,000–₦50,000 for most startups)
Step 5: Submit and Wait
The CAC reviews your application. Straightforward applications are typically processed within 5–10 business days. More complex ones may take longer.
Step 6: Receive Your Certificate
Once approved, you'll receive: - Certificate of Registration (Business Name) or Certificate of Incorporation (Company) - Certified True Copies of your MEMART (for companies) - Your RC Number (Registration Number)
After Registration: What You Need to Do
Getting your certificate is just the beginning. After registration:
• Open a corporate bank account, most banks require your CAC certificate, MEMART, and directors' IDs
• Register for Tax, get a TIN from FIRS
• Register for VAT if your annual turnover is above ₦25 million
• File Annual Returns with CAC every year (failure to do so can lead to striking off your business)
Common Questions
Do I need a lawyer to register? Not necessarily. The CAC portal allows direct registration without a lawyer. However, for companies with complex shareholding structures, consulting a corporate lawyer is advisable.
Can I register a company alone? For a limited company, you need at least two directors and two shareholders. They can be the same two people. A sole proprietor can register a business name alone.
How long does CAC registration last? Business name registrations used to require renewal, but recent CAC reforms have made registration indefinite. However, annual returns must still be filed.
Key takeaways
- Business names and limited companies need different documents and fees.
- Run a name availability search before you apply at portal.cac.gov.ng.
- File annual returns every year to keep your business in good standing.
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